{"id":2430,"date":"2020-12-28T13:08:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-28T13:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/?p=2430"},"modified":"2023-04-17T09:22:24","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T07:22:24","slug":"mrna-vakciny-ich-funkcia-fungovanie-a-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/blog\/mrna-vakciny-ich-funkcia-fungovanie-a-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"mRNA vakc\u00edny, ich funkcia, fungovanie a COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010co je to mRNA vakc\u00edna, ako funguje a \u010do s t\u00fdm m\u00e1 COVID-19?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vakcin\u00e1cia je jedn\u00fdm z popredn\u00fdch \u00faspechov modernej vedy a medic\u00edny, v\u010faka ktor\u00e9mu sa v\u00fdrazne zredukoval v\u00fdskyt mnoh\u00fdch infek\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed (os\u00fdpky, tetanus, ov\u010die kiahne). V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pri o\u010dkovan\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 konven\u010dn\u00e9 vakc\u00edny, ktor\u00fdch princ\u00edp spo\u010d\u00edva v aplik\u00e1cii \u017eiv\u00e9ho, oslaben\u00e9ho v\u00edrusu alebo v\u00edrusovej \u010dasti (povrchov\u00e9ho prote\u00ednu) do tela \u010dloveka. Nie v\u017edy s\u00fa v\u0161ak konven\u010dn\u00e9 vakc\u00edny \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpade r\u00fdchlo sa \u0161\u00edriacich (v\u00edrus chr\u00edpky) \u010di nov\u00fdch, vysoko patog\u00e9nnych ochoren\u00ed (v\u00edrus eboly, Zika v\u00edrus), ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu pred mechanizmami imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ve\u013emi dobre unika\u0165.&nbsp;V\u00fdvoj konven\u010dn\u00fdch vakc\u00edn je taktie\u017e pomerne zd\u013ahav\u00fd a nemo\u017eno ich aplikova\u0165 na neinfek\u010dn\u00e9 ochorenia, napr. na r\u00f4zne typy rakovinov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Z tohto d\u00f4vodu bolo potrebn\u00e9 vyvin\u00fa\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161\u00ed a v\u0161estrannej\u0161\u00ed typ o\u010dkovania a t\u00fdm sa stali \u2013&nbsp;<strong>mRNA vakc\u00edny<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">mRNA vakc\u00edny a ich funkcia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V posledn\u00fdch rokoch sa v\u010faka technologick\u00e9mu pokroku a rozsiahlym invest\u00edci\u00e1m vo v\u00fdskume stala s\u013eubn\u00fdm cie\u013eom pre v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch vakc\u00edn tzv. \u201cmessengerov\u00e1\u201c ribonukleov\u00e1 kyselina \u2013 mRNA. mRNA vznik\u00e1 v jadre buniek v\u0161etk\u00fdch organizmov procesom transkripcie (prepisom z DNA). Po \u201cprep\u00edsan\u00ed\u201c z DNA prestupuje vzniknut\u00e1 mRNA do cytoplazmy (vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho prostredia bunky), kde sl\u00fa\u017ei ako \u201cpredloha\u201c pre vytvorenie \u0161pecifick\u00fdch prote\u00ednov (bielkov\u00edn). Proces \u201cprekladu z re\u010di RNA do re\u010di bielkov\u00edn\u201c sa naz\u00fdva transl\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na rovnakom princ\u00edpe funguj\u00fa aj mRNA vakc\u00edny: do tela \u010dloveka je vnesen\u00e1 mRNA, ktor\u00e1 k\u00f3duje konkr\u00e9tny prote\u00edn, typick\u00fd pre dan\u00fd patog\u00e9n (,,\u0161kodcu\u201c, napr. v\u00edrus). \u00da\u010dinn\u00fd transport k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej molekuly (mRNA) do buniek je v\u0161ak \u010dastokr\u00e1t n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, preto\u017ee vo\u013en\u00e1 RNA je v bunk\u00e1ch r\u00fdchlo degradovan\u00e1 (rozlo\u017een\u00e1). Na podporu \u00faspe\u0161n\u00e9ho \u201cdodania\u201c mRNA do buniek hostite\u013ea sa preto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa lipoz\u00f3my (mal\u00e9 tukov\u00e9 \u010dastice), v ktor\u00fdch je molekula mRNA zabalen\u00e1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1sledne sa pod\u013ea tejto mRNA v \u013eudskom tele vytvor\u00ed prote\u00edn, ktor\u00fd v\u0161ak s\u00e1m o sebe (bez ostatn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed v\u00edrusu) nedok\u00e1\u017ee vyvola\u0165 ochorenie, av\u0161ak imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m je schopn\u00fd proti nemu vytvori\u0165 protil\u00e1tky. Vytvoren\u00e9 protil\u00e1tky s\u00fa v tele neust\u00e1le v pohotovosti a v pr\u00edpade skuto\u010dnej infekcie dok\u00e1\u017eu \u0161kodcu r\u00fdchlo identifikova\u0165 a zni\u010di\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>mRNA vakc\u00ednu je mo\u017en\u00e9 poda\u0165 viacer\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi: do ko\u017ee, priamo do krvi, do svalu, alebo prostredn\u00edctvom nosov\u00e9ho spreja.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pozn\u00e1me tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 typy mRNA vakc\u00edn:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>nereplikuj\u00face (nemno\u017eiace) sa mRNA s\u00fa iba jednoducho transportovan\u00e9 do buniek hostite\u013ea, kde sa pod\u013ea nich vytvor\u00ed prote\u00edn patog\u00e9nu pre stimul\u00e1ciu imunitnej odpovede hostite\u013ea<\/li><li>k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 mRNA je zbalen\u00e1 s pr\u00eddavn\u00fdmi RNA vl\u00e1knami, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia na zabezpe\u010denie zmno\u017eenia tejto mRNA akon\u00e1hle je vakc\u00edna vnesen\u00e1 do \u010dloveka. Vo v\u00fdsledku tak z\u00edskame v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo patog\u00e9nneho prote\u00ednu a t\u00fdm aj viac akt\u00edvnych protil\u00e1tok.<\/li><li>pri poslednom type mRNA vakc\u00edn s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 tzv. dendritick\u00e9 bunky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 prezentova\u0165 dan\u00fd prote\u00edn patog\u00e9nu na svojom povrchu, a t\u00fdm dopom\u00f4c\u0165 k stimul\u00e1cii adekv\u00e1tnej imunitnej odpovede. Tento sp\u00f4sob vakcin\u00e1cie sa naz\u00fdva aj in vitro (v sk\u00famavke, mimo tela), preto\u017ee dentritick\u00e9 bunky s\u00fa z tela vyizolovan\u00e9 a v laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach je do nich vnesen\u00e1 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 mRNA. Takto pripraven\u00e9 bunky s\u00fa sp\u00e4tne aplikovan\u00e9 do pacienta a doch\u00e1dza k vyvolaniu imunitnej odpovede.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdhody mRNA vakc\u00edn oproti konven\u010dn\u00fdm typom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/strong>: vakc\u00edny na b\u00e1ze mRNA neobsahuj\u00fa inaktivovan\u00fd patog\u00e9n, ani jeho \u010dasti, \u010d\u00edm s\u00fa v porovnan\u00ed s konven\u010dn\u00fdm typom vakc\u00edn omnoho bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Efekt\u00edvnos\u0165<\/strong>: v\u00fdsledky doteraj\u0161\u00edch klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed preukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee mRNA vakc\u00edny produkuj\u00fa spo\u013eahliv\u00fa imunitn\u00fa odpove\u010f s minim\u00e1lnym prejavom ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edch \u00fa\u010dinkov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdroba<\/strong>: vakc\u00edny je mo\u017en\u00e9 produkova\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie a lacnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vyu\u017eitie pri onkologick\u00fdch ochoreniach<\/strong>: obrovsk\u00fdm benefitom mRNA vakc\u00edn je ich vyu\u017eitie proti r\u00f4znym typom n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Sekvencia mRNA je op\u00e4\u0165 navrhnut\u00e1 tak, aby k\u00f3dovala konkr\u00e9tne \u0161pecifick\u00e9 prote\u00edny pre dan\u00fd typ rakoviny, ktor\u00e9 po rozpoznan\u00ed sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa v tele imunitn\u00fa odpove\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/05\/DNA-ERA_bnr_leaderboard_1940x420_2c-1536x333-1-1024x222.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vakc\u00edna proti COVID19?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ochorenie COVID-19,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnaera.sk\/blog\/co-je-to-virus-a-ako-sa-objavil-novy-typ-koronavirusu-sars-cov2\/\">sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 v\u00edrusom SARS-CoV-2<\/a>, sa po prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t objavilo v decembri roku 2019 v \u010d\u00ednskom meste Wuhan, za kr\u00e1tky \u010das sa roz\u0161\u00edrilo do cel\u00e9ho sveta a sp\u00f4sobilo pand\u00e9miu. V\u00e1\u017ena situ\u00e1cia r\u00fdchlo vyvolala ohlasy na medzin\u00e1rodnej vedeckej sc\u00e9ne, a preto bol u\u017e za\u010diatkom roka 2020 zn\u00e1ma cel\u00e1 genetick\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia tohto koronav\u00edrusu. Na z\u00e1klade nej bola u\u017e do dvoch t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov vyroben\u00e1 prv\u00e1 mRNA vakc\u00edna, ktor\u00e1 bola n\u00e1sledne a\u017e doned\u00e1vna testovan\u00e1 na jej \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 a najm\u00e4 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165. Do 5 mesiacov bolo vo v\u00fdvoji viac ako 120 kandid\u00e1tskych vakc\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aktu\u00e1lne je v 3. (fin\u00e1lnej) f\u00e1ze klinick\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok nieko\u013eko vakc\u00edn, z ktor\u00fdch mo\u017eno spomen\u00fa\u0165 vakc\u00ednu mRNA-1273 od biotechnologickej spolo\u010dnosti Moderna Therapeutics a vakc\u00ednu BNT162b2, ktor\u00e1 vznikla spolupr\u00e1cou americkej farmaceutickej firmy Pfizer a nemeckej biotechnologickej spolo\u010dnosti BioNTech. Vakc\u00edna BNT162b2 bola schv\u00e1len\u00e1 in\u0161tit\u00faciami E\u00da a o\u010dkovanie touto vakc\u00ednou u\u017e prebieha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tretej f\u00e1zy klinick\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok sa v pr\u00edpade vakc\u00edny mRNA-1273 z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 30 000 dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov (v\u0161etci dospel\u00ed), pri\u010dom len u 5 z nich sa aj napriek o\u010dkovaniu objavilo ochorenie COVID-19. V skupine, ktorej pod\u00e1vali placebo (ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00fa l\u00e1tku), bolo infikovan\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov a\u017e 90. Po d\u00f4kladnej anal\u00fdze bola miera efektivity vakc\u00edny mRNA-1273 stanoven\u00e1 na 94,5 %, \u010do zodpoved\u00e1 v\u00fdborn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom.&nbsp;<strong>U \u017eiadneho zo zao\u010dkovan\u00fdch respondentov nebol zisten\u00fd \u0165a\u017ek\u00fd priebeh ochorenia COVID-19.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm s\u013eubn\u00fdm kandid\u00e1tom je vakc\u00edna BNT162b2. Do tretej f\u00e1zy klinick\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok bolo v pr\u00edpade tejto vakc\u00edny zahrnut\u00fdch viac ako 43 000 dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov s kone\u010dnou mierou efektivity \u2013 90 %.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je u\u017e na z\u00e1klade v\u00fdsledkov klinick\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok jasn\u00e9, \u017ee vakc\u00edny zalo\u017een\u00e9 na mRNA technol\u00f3gii preukazuj\u00fa obrovsk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l ako n\u00e1stroj prevencie pred mnoh\u00fdmi infek\u010dn\u00fdmi ochoreniami, vr\u00e1tane COVID-19. \u013dudsk\u00e1 vynaliezavos\u0165, tvrd\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca a ochota tis\u00edcok \u013eud\u00ed, tak pom\u00f4\u017eu \u013eudstvu zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 aj t\u00fato pand\u00e9miu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zdroj<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., &#8230; &amp; Beigel, J. H. (2020). An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2\u2014preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine.<\/li><li>Jackson, N. A., Kester, K. E., Casimiro, D., Gurunathan, S., &amp; DeRosa, F. (2020). The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective. npj Vaccines, 5(1), 1-6.<\/li><li>Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., &amp; Weissman, D. (2018). mRNA vaccines\u2014a new era in vaccinology. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 17(4), 261-279.<\/li><li>Schlake, T., Thess, A., Fotin-Mleczek, M., &amp; Kallen, K. J. (2012). Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies. RNA biology, 9(11), 1319-1330.<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.phgfoundation.org\/briefing\/rna-vaccines<\/li><li>https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-mrna-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna-work-why-theyre-a-breakthrough-and-why-they-need-to-be-kept-so-cold-150238<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/genetics-glossary\/messenger-rna<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.creative-biolabs.com\/vaccine\/cancer-vaccines.htm?gclid=CjwKCAiA2O39BRBjEiwApB2IkiiN-QN5wZoePYszl0C1S7iYIX_t6SF01ankEslH78Ft5gliCE_H7BoChfcQAvD_BwE<\/li><li>https:\/\/investors.modernatx.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-meets-its-primary-efficacy<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.pfizer.com\/news\/press-release\/press-release-detail\/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-vaccine-candidate-against#:%7E:text=The%20Phase%203%20clinical%20trial,racially%20and%20ethnically%20diverse%20backgrounds.<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/c4ca8496-a215-44b1-a7eb-f88568fc9de9<\/li><li>https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/science\/2020-11-22\/mrna-vaccines-covid-19-pfizer-moderna-influenza-emerging-disease\/12891308<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010co je to mRNA vakc\u00edna, ako funguje a \u010do s t\u00fdm m\u00e1 COVID-19? Vakcin\u00e1cia je jedn\u00fdm z popredn\u00fdch \u00faspechov modernej vedy a medic\u00edny, v\u010faka ktor\u00e9mu sa v\u00fdrazne zredukoval v\u00fdskyt mnoh\u00fdch infek\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed (os\u00fdpky, tetanus, ov\u010die kiahne). V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pri o\u010dkovan\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 konven\u010dn\u00e9 vakc\u00edny, ktor\u00fdch princ\u00edp spo\u010d\u00edva v aplik\u00e1cii \u017eiv\u00e9ho, oslaben\u00e9ho v\u00edrusu alebo v\u00edrusovej [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2432,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[63],"place-taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-2430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-sk","tag-zaujimavosti"],"acf":[],"views":6634,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2430"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1352812,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2430\/revisions\/1352812"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2432"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2430"},{"taxonomy":"place-taxonomy","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/place-taxonomy?post=2430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}