{"id":2374,"date":"2019-09-09T09:38:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-09T09:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/?p=2374"},"modified":"2023-04-17T09:22:26","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T07:22:26","slug":"mikroorganizmy-v-nasom-tele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/blog\/mikroorganizmy-v-nasom-tele\/","title":{"rendered":"Mikroorganizmy v na\u0161om tele"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Odhaduje sa, \u017ee \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy disponuj\u00fa mikr\u00f3bmi vykon\u00e1vaj\u00facimi metabolick\u00e9 funkcie najmenej 500 mili\u00f3nov rokov. Evolu\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie nazna\u010duj\u00fa existenciu \u0161pecifickej selekcie zalo\u017eenej na ko-adapt\u00e1cii. Kooperat\u00edvne interakcie medzi mikr\u00f3bmi a ich hostite\u013emi zvy\u010dajne zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa mikrobi\u00e1lnu \u00fa\u010das\u0165 v hostite\u013esk\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch, ako je obrana, metabolizmus a reprodukcia. Napr\u00edklad pri porovnan\u00ed my\u0161\u00ed bez bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed a norm\u00e1lnych my\u0161\u00ed sa zistilo, \u017ee za v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu metabolitov v\u00a0krvnej plazme s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 mikr\u00f3by.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikr\u00f3by kolonizuj\u00fa \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo na r\u00f4znych miestach, ako napr\u00edklad sliznica \u010di ko\u017ea, pri\u010dom ich po\u010det je minim\u00e1lne tak\u00fd ve\u013ek\u00fd, ako po\u010det \u013eudsk\u00fdch buniek a po\u010det ich g\u00e9nov je ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako obsahuje \u013eudsk\u00fd gen\u00f3m. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo ob\u00fdva v jednom momente pribli\u017ene 500 \u2013 1000 druhov bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, pri\u010dom po\u010det jedine\u010dn\u00fdch genotypov (poddruhov) m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 r\u00e1dovo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd bakteri\u00e1lny kme\u0148 m\u00e1 gen\u00f3m pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faci z tis\u00edcov g\u00e9nov, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mikr\u00f3by disponuj\u00fa podstatne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou genetickou diverzitou a flexibilitou ako n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 gen\u00f3m. \u013dudia sa navz\u00e1jom l\u00ed\u0161ia v\u00a0zlo\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00f3mu, av\u0161ak mechanizmus, ktor\u00fd vedie k\u00a0t\u00fdmto rozdielom, nie je pr\u00edli\u0161 objasnen\u00fd. Navy\u0161e, st\u00e1le nerozumieme, ako zmeny v zlo\u017een\u00ed mikrobi\u00f3mu u jednotlivca v priebehu \u010dasu alebo rozdiely medzi \u013eu\u010fmi, ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa na\u0161e zdravie. Je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1me, \u017ee zmeny v mikrobi\u00f3me s\u00fa v korel\u00e1cii so \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lou chor\u00f4b, od z\u00e1palov\u00e9ho ochorenia, cez rakovinu a\u017e po r\u00f4zne depres\u00edvne stavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u013eko mikr\u00f3bov a ich g\u00e9nov kolonizuje \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u010casto sa uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee po\u010det mikr\u00f3bov v na\u0161om tele prevy\u0161uje po\u010det na\u0161ich vlastn\u00fdch buniek v pomere 10:1. Najnov\u0161ie pozorovania v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee na 1 \u013eudsk\u00fa bunku pripad\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 1,3 bakteri\u00e1lnych buniek. Tieto odhady ale nezoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 h\u00fab a v\u00edrusov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 na r\u00f4znych miestach v \u013eudskom tele. Okrem mno\u017estva mikr\u00f3bov ob\u00fdvaj\u00facich na\u0161e telo je ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 aj ich rozmanitos\u0165. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee \u010drevo kolonizuje pribli\u017ene 1000 druhov bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, pri\u010dom v priemere ka\u017ed\u00fd druh disponuje s pribli\u017ene 2000 g\u00e9nmi, \u010do dohromady predstavuje pribli\u017ene 2 000 000 g\u00e9nov, \u010do je v porovnan\u00ed s \u013eudsk\u00fdm gen\u00f3mom (cca 20 000 g\u00e9nov) 100-n\u00e1sobok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kedy mikr\u00f3by za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa kolonizova\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9 telo?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A\u017e do prasknutia plodov\u00e9ho vaku sa pova\u017euje plod za steriln\u00fd. Po vagin\u00e1lnom p\u00f4rode sa zlo\u017eenie mikrobi\u00f3mu die\u0165a\u0165a podob\u00e1 na zlo\u017eenie vagin\u00e1lneho mikrobi\u00f3mu matky. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie zast\u00fapenie tu maj\u00fa laktobacily, ktor\u00e9 produkuj\u00fa kyselinu mlie\u010dnu. Tieto bakt\u00e9rie pripravuj\u00fa gastrointestin\u00e1lny trakt na n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 mikrobi\u00e1lne deje. Prenos mikr\u00f3bov z matky na die\u0165a m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 naru\u0161en\u00fd vplyvom modern\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00fdlu. Dostupnos\u0165 p\u00f4rodu cis\u00e1rskym rezom je jasn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom jeho mo\u017en\u00e9ho dopadu na zlo\u017eenie mikrobi\u00f3mu, pri\u010dom rozdiely v jeho zlo\u017een\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu pretrv\u00e1va\u0165 mesiace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Cho, I., &amp; Blaser, M. J. (2012). The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13(4), 260.<\/li>
  2. Gilbert, J. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., Jansson, J. K., Lynch, S. V., &amp; Knight, R. (2018). Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nature medicine, 24(4), 392.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Odhaduje sa, \u017ee \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy disponuj\u00fa mikr\u00f3bmi vykon\u00e1vaj\u00facimi metabolick\u00e9 funkcie najmenej 500 mili\u00f3nov rokov. Evolu\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie nazna\u010duj\u00fa existenciu \u0161pecifickej selekcie zalo\u017eenej na ko-adapt\u00e1cii. Kooperat\u00edvne interakcie medzi mikr\u00f3bmi a ich hostite\u013emi zvy\u010dajne zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa mikrobi\u00e1lnu \u00fa\u010das\u0165 v hostite\u013esk\u00fdch funkci\u00e1ch, ako je obrana, metabolizmus a reprodukcia. Napr\u00edklad pri porovnan\u00ed my\u0161\u00ed bez bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed a norm\u00e1lnych my\u0161\u00ed sa zistilo, \u017ee za […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2377,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[60,63],"place-taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-2374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-sk","tag-genetika","tag-zaujimavosti"],"acf":[],"views":2543,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2374"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1352396,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2374\/revisions\/1352396"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2374"},{"taxonomy":"place-taxonomy","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/place-taxonomy?post=2374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}