{"id":1351686,"date":"2024-03-12T11:30:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-12T10:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/?p=1351686"},"modified":"2026-01-28T13:35:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T12:35:56","slug":"co-se-deje-s-mym-vzorkem-dna-v-laboratori","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/blog\/co-se-deje-s-mym-vzorkem-dna-v-laboratori\/","title":{"rendered":"Co se d\u011bje s m\u00fdm vzorkem DNA v laborato\u0159i?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, co v\u0161echno se d\u011bje s va\u0161\u00edm vzorkem slin? P\u0159ipravili jsme si pro v\u00e1s kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed v\u0161ech aktivit a proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt provedeny, ne\u017e v\u00e1m do profilu nahrajeme v\u00fdsledky va\u0161\u00ed DNA anal\u00fdzy. Chcete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak to prob\u00edh\u00e1? \u010ct\u011bte d\u00e1l.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u016fbec n\u011bco vy\u010d\u00edst ze slin?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Po napln\u011bn\u00ed zkumavky vzorkem slin nen\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btem zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed tekutina jako takov\u00e1, ale bu\u0148ky sliznice z epitelu \u00fastn\u00ed dutiny, kter\u00e9 se v n\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed. Tyto bu\u0148ky obsahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m j\u00e1dru DNA, kter\u00e1 je slo\u017eena z nukleotid\u016f (A, G, C, T). nukleotidy jsou molekuly, kter\u00e9 podobn\u011b jako 1 a 0 v informatice slou\u017e\u00ed k uchov\u00e1n\u00ed informace pro bu\u0148ku o tom, jak m\u00e1 vypadat a jak se m\u00e1 chovat. Pr\u00e1v\u011b DNA je zdrojem informac\u00ed i pro n\u00e1s, jeliko\u017e ji dnes um\u00edme pr\u016flomov\u00fdmi technologiemi efektivn\u011b \u010d\u00edst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jsou touto informac\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 SNP polymorfismy<\/strong>. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (hovorov\u011b \u201esnip\u201c) p\u0159edstavuje zm\u011bnu jednoho nukleotidu v\u00a0sekvenci na\u0161eho genomu na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b. Tato zm\u011bna je d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1, vyskytuje se v\u00a0populaci v\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00e9 frekvenci (>1 %) a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ena spole\u010dn\u011b s\u00a0mutac\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, nebo jin\u00e9, d\u011bdi\u010dn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 vlastnosti organismu. Identifikov\u00e1n\u00edm vybran\u00fdch SNP polymorfism\u016f dok\u00e1\u017eeme vyhodnotit \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a jin\u00fdch d\u011bdi\u010dn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u011b pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka \u201ejen\u201c na z\u00e1klad\u011b jednoho vzorku slin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"DNa<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Jak prob\u00edh\u00e1 proces zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, anal\u00fdzy a vyhodnocen\u00ed m\u00e9ho vzorku?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzorek putuje do laborato\u0159e ozna\u010den\u00fd pouze pomoc\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00edho k\u00f3du, aby se zajistila jej\u00ed anonymita. Jakmile se vzorek slin dostane do laborato\u0159e, p\u0159evezme jej odborn\u00fd person\u00e1l, kter\u00fd provede s\u00e9rii validovan\u00fdch laboratorn\u00edch postup\u016f nezbytn\u00fdch pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fdch dat vysok\u00e9 kvality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00edm krokem je izolace samotn\u00e9 DNA<\/strong>. Ta prob\u00edh\u00e1 bu\u010f p\u0159es kolonky, tedy jak\u00e9si miniaturn\u00ed filtry, kter\u00e9 zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed DNA a p\u0159epou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed ne\u010distoty, nebo pomoc\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch kuli\u010dek, kter\u00e9 vychyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed DNA p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0roztoku se vzorkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po izolaci n\u00e1sleduje proces p\u0159\u00edpravy vzorku na skenov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, kter\u00fd trv\u00e1 celkem 3 dny. Spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00a0namno\u017een\u00ed DNA b\u011bhem no\u010dn\u00ed inkubace, abychom z\u00edskali dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informace na detekci sign\u00e1lu. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se namno\u017een\u00e1 DNA po\u0161t\u011bp\u00ed pomoc\u00ed enzym\u016f zvan\u00fdch restrik\u010dn\u00ed endonukle\u00e1zy, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u0161t\u011bpit DNA na definovan\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b. \u0160t\u011bpen\u00ed DNA na kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 fragmenty je nevyhnuteln\u00e9, nebo\u0165 jen kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 fragmenty jsou schopny efektivn\u011b nasedat na velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sekvenc\u00ed na \u010dipu, co\u017e je dal\u0161\u00ed krok anal\u00fdzy. Fragmenty jsou v\u00a0n\u011bm zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1ny na speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dip, kter\u00fd obsahuje statis\u00edce a\u017e miliony sekvenc\u00ed. Tyto sekvence jsou komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed, tedy se dok\u00e1\u017eou sp\u00e1rovat s\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fdmi fragmenty ve vzorku, kter\u00e9 nesou pr\u00e1v\u011b informace o polymorfismech, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po sp\u00e1rov\u00e1n\u00ed fragment\u016f se sekvencemi na \u010dipu n\u00e1sleduje f\u00e1ze detekce<\/strong>. P\u0159i n\u00ed se p\u0159id\u00e1 na povrch \u010dipu roztok obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed 4 r\u016fzn\u00e9 zna\u010den\u00e9 nukleotidy A, G, C, T. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd enzym n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159ad\u00ed 1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed nukleotid k\u00a0oblasti na\u0161eho z\u00e1jmu, co\u017e je v\u00a0na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b vybran\u00fd SNP polymorfismus. Po p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed komplement\u00e1rn\u00ed b\u00e1ze n\u00e1sleduje f\u00e1ze skenov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dipu. V\u00a0t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi senzor zachyt\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 fluorescen\u010dn\u011b zna\u010den\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly a p\u0159evede je do digit\u00e1ln\u00ed podoby, kterou n\u00e1sledn\u011b vyhodnocuje p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd software. Tato reakce prob\u00edh\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u011b na statis\u00edc\u00edch m\u00edstech na \u010dipu, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje anal\u00fdzu a\u017e 700\u00a0000 SNP pro ka\u017ed\u00fd vzorek a z\u00e1rove\u0148 dok\u00e1\u017ee zpracovat v\u00edcero vzork\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdstupem t\u00e9to anal\u00fdzy jsou takzvan\u00e9 RAW data obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed informace o p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch zna\u010den\u00fdch nukleotid\u016f ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm m\u00edst\u016fm na \u010dipu. Tato m\u00edsta obsahuj\u00ed sekvence (proby) specifick\u00e9 pro jednotliv\u00e9 SNP polymorfismy. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch kroc\u00edch je anal\u00fdza zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na kvalitu detekce a vyhodnocen\u00ed cel\u00e9ho procesu genotypizace. Kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem anal\u00fdzy je tedy soubor v\u0161ech analyzovan\u00fdch SNP polymorfism\u016f s\u00a0vyhodnocen\u00edm jejich stavu u dan\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cel\u00fd proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 v modern\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00edch p\u0159i co nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e automatizace a robotizace pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vysok\u00e9 efektivity a minimalizace chyb zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdm faktorem. A jak v\u00edme, \u017ee anal\u00fdza prob\u011bhla spr\u00e1vn\u011b? U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho vzorku se vyhodnocuje p\u0159esnost anal\u00fdzy na z\u00e1klad\u011b takzvan\u00e9 call rate hodnoty. Pokud nen\u00ed tato hodnota dostate\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e1, anal\u00fdzu je t\u0159eba zopakovat. Tento proces zaji\u0161\u0165uje na\u0161e z\u00e1kaznick\u00e1 podpora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co ud\u011bl\u00e1 laborato\u0159 s m\u00fdm vzorkem po anal\u00fdze?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Po ukon\u010den\u00ed anal\u00fdzy jsou vzorky a data v laborato\u0159i uchov\u00e1v\u00e1na je\u0161t\u011b po dobu 3 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Data z\u00edskan\u00e1 z anal\u00fdzy zas\u00edl\u00e1 laborato\u0159 k dal\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed k n\u00e1m a jednotliv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout po p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed do sv\u00e9ho zabezpe\u010den\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu v na\u0161\u00ed webov\u00e9 aplikaci. V \u00fa\u010dtu m\u00e1te tak\u00e9 dostupn\u00e1 surov\u00e1 data z anal\u00fdzy. Cht\u011bli byste vid\u011bt, jak vypadaj\u00ed vzorov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky na\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdzy DNA? Prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si je v DEMO verzi na\u0161\u00ed aplikace<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. https:\/\/www.freepik.com\/free-photo\/microscope-biotechnology-laboratory_11374663.htm#page=1&query=microscope&from_query=mikroscope&position=23 <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00e1s, co v\u0161echno se d\u011bje s va\u0161\u00edm vzorkem slin? P\u0159ipravili jsme si pro v\u00e1s kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed v\u0161ech aktivit a proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt provedeny, ne\u017e v\u00e1m do profilu nahrajeme v\u00fdsledky va\u0161\u00ed DNA anal\u00fdzy. Chcete v\u011bd\u011bt, jak to prob\u00edh\u00e1? \u010ct\u011bte d\u00e1l. Jak je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u016fbec n\u011bco vy\u010d\u00edst ze slin? Po napln\u011bn\u00ed zkumavky vzorkem slin nen\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":873,"featured_media":1383789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[58,59],"place-taxonomy":[],"class_list":["post-1351686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-cs","tag-dna-analyza","tag-dna-test"],"acf":[],"views":3176,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1351686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/873"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1351686"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1351686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1383790,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1351686\/revisions\/1383790"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1383789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1351686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1351686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1351686"},{"taxonomy":"place-taxonomy","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dnaera.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/place-taxonomy?post=1351686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}